Soirée Photoclimat avec le comité français de l’UICN et le GIEC

11/10/2023 17:00

Fête de la Science à l'IPSL

10/10/2023 10:00

Comment dialoguer sur nos transformations futures ?

06/10/2023 09:00

Signature géodésique et gravimétrique des variations de l’hydrologie continentale

24/09/2021 12:00

Les redistributions des masses d’eau au sein de et entre l’atmosphère, les océans et les réservoirs hydrologiques continentaux induisent des déformations de la croûte terrestre et des variations spatio-temporelles de gravité mesurables par les techniques de géodésie, aujourd’hui devenues suffisamment précises. L’hydrogéodésie est donc aujourd’hui en plein développement.

Publication du 6e rapport du GIEC : quoi de neuf ?

17/09/2021 00:00

Lancement de la nouvelle saison du séminaire « Changement Climatique : Sciences, Sociétés, Politique » co-organisé par le Centre Alexandre-Koyré (EHESS-CNRS) et l’ENS (CERES). Un vendredi sur deux de 14 h à 17h, du 17 septembre 2021 au 21 janvier 2022 à l’École Normale Supérieure.

Developing A Satellite-Based Dataset of Convective Mass Flux: Validations and Applications to Convective Dynamics Studies and Evaluation of GCM

16/09/2021 11:00

Most current GCM cumulus parameterization schemes are based on the concept of convective mass flux. Yet, no global observations of this critical parameter exist at this time. To fill the vacuum, we developed a novel, satellite-based method to retrieve convective mass flux.

Approches statistiques multivariées pour l'ajustement des biais des simulations climatiques et l'analyse des événements composés

23/09/2022 10:00

Le climat est un système complexe qui est le résultat de multiples interactions entre ses différentes composantes et ses multiples variables. Cette thèse a pour but d’évaluer si et comment l’utilisation d’approches statistiques multivariées pour l’étude des simulations climatiques peut contribuer à une compréhension plus approfondie du changement climatique et des événements climatiques à forts impacts sur la société. Pour répondre à ces questions, je propose et applique de nouveaux outils statistiques multivariés pour, d’une part, la correction de biais des simulations climatiques, et d’autre part, l’étude des changements de probabilités d’événements conjoints à forts impacts. Le travail s’articule autour de trois objectifs : (i) comparer des méthodes de correction de biais multivariés (MBC) déjà existantes, (ii) développer une nouvelle méthode MBC pour l’ajustement des dépendances spatiales des simulations climatiques, (iii) évaluer la période d’émergence des probabilités d’événements conjoints et quantifier la contribution des propriétés univariées et multivariées aux changements de ces probabilités.

La comparaison de méthodes de correction de biais a permis d’une part d’informer les utilisateurs de leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients mais aussi d’identifier des pistes de développements pour de nouvelles méthodes. Une nouvelle méthode, basée sur une technique de Machine Learning appelée réseaux adverses génératifs (CycleGAN), a été développée. Elle donne des résultats satisfaisants, montrant ainsi le potentiel des techniques de Machine Learning pour la correction de biais multivariés. L’évaluation de la période d’émergence des probabilités d’événements conjoints, ainsi que la quantification de la contribution des propriétés univariées et multivariées aux changements de ces probabilités se révèlent être une procédure pertinente pour améliorer la compréhension de tels phénomènes climatiques. Il est trouvé que la non-stationnarité de la structure de dépendance inter-variable dans un contexte de changement climatique peut jouer un rôle important dans les probabilités futures d’événements conjoints.

Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse ouvrent des perspectives pertinentes en termes méthodologiques mais participent aussi à une amélioration de la compréhension du climat et de ses évolutions en fournissant des outils statistiques adaptés à la nature intrinsèquement multivariée du système climatique.

Ocean ventilation at the mesoscale

18/07/2022 14:00

Within the Earth’s climate system, the ocean is engaged as a huge reservoir of important properties such as heat and carbon, predominantly resulting from exchanges with the atmosphere on timescales from hours to millennia. Such large volume of storage in the ocean interior thus questions the mechanisms of water property transport and distribution, leading to the concept of ocean ventilation, a process that connects ocean surface waters with the interior. Commonly associated with an increase in density of surface waters, ventilation is typically interpreted as a downward transfer of water masses due to stability and other fine-scale processes. Understanding the dynamics and thermodynamics of water mass formation, ventilation and dissipation, is therefore one of the key scientific challenges confronting the entire climate community.

In this thesis, several processes related to ventilation have been discussed and a specific attention has been given to the mesoscale whose typical length is less than 100 km and timescale spans on the order of a month. The largest proportion of mesoscale kinetic energy is contained by coherent vortices, known as mesoscale eddies, which are nearly geostrophic and can have the vertical extent down to the thermocline. Aimed at a combination between the ventilation theory and mesoscale dynamics, the first part of this thesis has been devoted to a revisit to the theory of subduction at the bottom of mixed layer that quantifies long-term (permanent) transport of surface water masses into the main thermocline. Interpreted as a transient state in the subduction process, mode waters are a specific type of water mass homogeneous in properties (i.e., characterized by low potential vorticity) and residing between the seasonal and main thermoclines.

Such transiency of mode waters is associated with their formation mechanism largely due to surface buoyancy forcing that is season-dependent. The second part of this thesis is thus related to an algorithm development to detect more precisely than other available methods the surface mixed layers and mode waters from several profiling databases. By co-locating mode waters with mesoscale eddies identified from the satellite altimetry, it is possible to quantify 1) the percentage of mode waters carried by eddies in an Eulerian sense, and 2) anomalies of temperature, salinity and others transported within eddies in a Lagrangian framework. Accordingly, a revisit to global mode water distribution has been provided, in terms of their dynamics and thermodynamics at the mesoscale. The South Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water has been considered as a special example and brought into details in the last chapter, since it not only forms according to the typical baroclinity at the western boundary, but also develops due to a large amount of inter-basin transport carried by anticyclonic Agulhas Rings shedding from the Indian Ocean.

Apart from the thermohaline perspective of ocean circulation and ventilation, i.e., surface convection and its significance on mode water formation and renewal, this thesis also provides an assessment on the wind-driven aspect and a combination of these two components. In specific, we extended the Ekman dynamics to allow for an influence from geostrophic motions and self-advection. A brief discussion on diapycnal and more complex physics of ventilation at the mesoscale is also presented.

Boundary-layer processes impacting the surface energy balance in the Arctic

07/07/2022 14:00

The Arctic is warming at two to three times as fast as the rest of the Earth, and it is therefore a crucial area of study for atmospheric scientists. However, the logistical difficulty of leading measure campaigns at high latitudes means that some key boundary-layer processes are still poorly understood. This thesis aimed to gain insight on two characteristics of the Arctic boundary-layer (clouds and surface based temperature inversions) and to determine their impact on the surface energy balance through a combination of novel measurements and modelling.

First, a novel statistic of cloud frequency and characteristics over the Arctic sea-ice was derived from a set of 1777 lidar profiles obtained during the 5-year Ice, Atmosphere, Ocean Observation Systems (IAOOS) campaign. Clouds were found to occur more than 85% of the time from May to October and single cloud layers were optically and geometrically thickest in October, possibly linked to moisture intrusions in autumn. Total cloud radiative forcing over a typical summer cycle was estimated to be negative for optically thin clouds, but positive for optically thick clouds.

Second, the impact of wind speeds on the development of surface based temperature inversions (SBI) in the continental Arctic was investigated. The analysis of measurements from the pre-ALPACA winter 2019 campaign that took place in Fairbanks, Alaska, showed that a local, likely topographically driven flow developed under anticyclonic conditions. This flow inhibited the development of strong SBIs by sustaining significant turbulence even under very strong radiative cooling. A transitional wind speed between weakly and strongly stable regimes was evidenced; this was coherent with the predictions of Minimum Wind speed for Sustainable Turbulence (MWST) theory. The modelling of clear-sky surface layer temperature inversions and their dependence on wind speed was then studied, with a focus on forest areas. A 2-layer analytical model of the vegetated surface layer was developed. This model exhibited a slower decrease of the SBI strength with wind speed compared to a 1-layer model, which was shown to be coherent with observations at an Ameriflux site close to Fairbanks. These models were then compared to two WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) surface layer schemes, which were found to place excessive limits on the turbulence, preventing the development of large temperature gradients. The Arctic boundary-layer has become an active field of research in recent years. In this context, modelling advances and numerous planned campaigns open many perspectives for furthering the work presented in this thesis.