16 Jun 2021

SOCAT version 2021 for quantification of ocean CO2 uptake

The latest version of the international data-base SOCAT (Surface Ocean CO₂ atlas, www.socat.info) has been released on June 15^th 2021.

SOCAT version 2021 assembled 32 Millions of carbon dioxide sea surface observations in the global ocean, marginal seas and coastal zones. The laboratory Laboratoire d’océanographie et du climat : expérimentation et approches numériques (LOCEAN/IPSL/OSU Ecce Terra, SU/CNRS/MNHN/IRD) is involved in this project that was first discussed during an international workshop organized in Paris/UNESCO in 2007.

The ocean plays a crucial role to regulate the climate change. It absorbs more than 90% of heat excess and presently a quarter of CO₂ emitted by human activities (fossil fuels and land-used changed). Since 1750, the ocean captured about 170 PgC of a total of 700 PgC anthropogenic emissions.

Without this ocean carbon sink, the CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere would be 495 ppm compared to 412.5 ppm as observed in 2020. Although there was a small decrease of the anthropogenic emissions in 2020 due to the pandemic COVID-19 (reduction of around 4-7 %), the CO₂ in the atmosphere increased at a rate of +2.5 ppm in 2020, i.e. same as in the previous decade.

In this context it is important to evaluate each year the global carbon budget. For this, researchers compile the inventories of anthropogenic emissions and the atmospheric and oceanic observations needed to evaluate the air-sea CO₂ exchange. The terrestrial carbon sink is evaluated from models or derived from the residual of the carbon budget between other compartments.

A direct impact of anthropogenic CO₂ progressively accumulated in the oceans leads to the process called “ocean acidification” (decrease of pH). This is now relatively well observed in all oceans but the impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms (like phytoplankton or corals) need to be improved. Consequently, and like the temperature or the sea-level, ocean pH is now recognized as one of the 7 “ocean indicators” for global change issue.

In this context it is important to maintain and integrate ocean CO₂ observations from year to year in all ocean regions, including marginal seas and coastal zones where the variability of the oceanic biogeochemical properties (including CO₂) is pronounced. This is the aim of the SOCAT project started in 2007 during an international workshop organized in Paris/UNESCO, a data-base regularly updated since 2011. Although several ocean cruises and projects were interrupted in 2020 (due to COVID-19) SOCAT added this year 2 Millions of new quality controlled fCO₂ observations from 356 cruises, VOS lines and moorings (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Left: Map of the new sea surface CO₂ fugacity (fCO₂, µatm) added in the SOCAT version 2021 (mainly for the period 2018-2020). In the Atlantic and Southern Ocean one identified the sailing route of the Vendée Globe race (Sea-Explorer, skipper Boris Herrmann). Right: All data in SOCAT for the period 1957-2020. Squares identified CO₂ probes on moorings. The atmospheric CO₂ level in the atmosphere being around 410 ppm today, the blue-green region (resp. yellow-orange-red) identified ocean CO₂ sink (resp. source). Note few observations available in recent years in the south Pacific and Indian Oceans that calls to use data-based approaches to extrapolate the fCO₂ field and calculate integrated air-sea CO₂ fluxes at large scale (Figure 2) or to estimate change in pH (ocean acidification) in the oceans (Figure 3). D. R.

Since the first SOCAT version published in 2011 with 6.3 million data, SOCAT includes today 32.6 million sea surface fCO₂ data in the global ocean and coastal zones for the period 1957-2020. Each data available on-line is associated with a quality control information. SOCAT also offers gridded products (monthly scale) that could be used to validate ocean biogeochemical models. An interactive tool (LAS Data viewer) enables to visualize the data and download them for specific region or period. The SOCAT data-base is also available in ODV format (Ocean Data View, https://odv.awi.de/).

The annual SOCAT public release contributes to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 13 and 14 (#OceanAction20464) and to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. SOCAT has been used in more than 350 publications and international reports (www.socat.info/publications.html), in particular:

SOCAT documents the increase in global surface ocean CO₂
Advanced interpolation schemes used SOCAT to fill data gaps in time and space
SOCAT helps to evaluate year-to-year and decadal variation in global ocean CO₂ uptake
SOCAT is used to evaluate sensor data (BGC Argo floats, gliders, moorings) and models, including CMIP
SOCAT informs the Global Carbon Budget (Figure 2)

Figure 2. The global ocean carbon sink for the period 1959-2019 using ocean models (individual in green, model mean in black) or from data-based approaches using SOCAT (en cyan). Source: Global Carbon Project (Friedlingstein et al, 2020). Both models and diagnostic methods show an increase of the ocean carbon sink. Notice that observations suggest larger interannual variability not yet resolved in the models. D. R.

SOCAT helps to quantify ocean acidification (Figure 3)

Figure 3. Long-term pH change in the global ocean reconstructed using a Neural-Network method from LSCE-IPSL based on SOCAT data (Chau et al, 2020). Over the period 1985-2019, the progressive decrease of pH informs on the so-called “Ocean acidification”. Source CMEMS (https://marine.copernicus.eu/access-data/ocean-monitoring-indicators). D. R.

The LOCEAN/IPSL laboratory feeds regularly data in SOCAT (from observatories SO/OISO, PIRATA, SSS, Boussole/Dyfamed), contributes to the data quality control for the Tropical Atlantic, Indian and Southern Ocean regional SOCAT groups. The project is coordinated by Dorothee Bakker (East Anglia University, Norwich UK). It has been supported by international programs (SOLAS, IMBER, IOCCP, ICOS), European project (Carboocean, CarboChange, Atlantos) and many national institutions.

Contact

Nicolas Metzl, LOCEAN/IPSL, 01 44 27 33 94 – 06 77 47 72 48 –

Références

Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O’Brien, K. M., et al., 2016.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO₂ data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383-413, doi:10.5194/essd-8-383-2016.

Bakker, D. C. E., Alexander, B., Tjiputra, J., Ishii, M., Key, R. Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Metzl, N., O’Brien, K., Olsen, A., Pfeil, B., Tanhua, T., Wanninkhof, R. and all SOCAT and GLODAP contributors, 2021a. The value chain of ocean CO₂ (Virtual) European Marine Board Science Seminar, 20/05/2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zt27PNCok0

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